The only “ID” that a taxonomy has in WP is the slug (or taxonomy name). Taxonomies are not stored in the DB and do not have any other ID value. You cannot change the slug without effecting everything that depends on it. The list of things that this would effect is quite large and I’m sure that if I tried to list them all that I’d miss a few.
If the goal of doing this was to change the slug shown in the URL string then what should have been changed is the rewrite slug https://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/register_taxonomy
