"acf/fields/taxonomy/query/name={$field_name}"
$field name is your field’s name so you would use
'acf/fields/taxonomy/query/name=YOUR_FIELD_NAME'
10 in the example is the filter priority, this is the order that the filter runs in compared to all other filters for the same hook.
3 is the number variables passed to your filter, in this case ($args, $field, $post_id)
I really can’t give you specifics of what you need to add to $args because I don’t know how you want to determine what terms in the taxonomy shouldn’t be shown. What you really need to do is figure that out from the WP documentation for get_terms() https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/functions/get_terms/ which is linked to from the page I gave you the link to, as well as information on this page https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/classes/wp_term_query/__construct/ that explains all of the arguments you can supply for get_terms()
