Thanks for the help.
Still no output between BEFORE and AFTER. I will add that there is another custom fieldset in use on the Staging server where images are not serving in this code I am wrangling with that also uses an image in a repeater and it DOES work, DOES render.
So that works, and two repeater field sets containing image fields written very shortly after the functional one on same server do not render. Still digging.
