It is possible to achieve this without created multiple field groups and multiple fields of the same name.
The best, easiest why to achieve this is.
1) Instead of using the default meta boxes for assigning taxonomy terms to post you use an ACF taxonomy field in the field group.
You remove the taxonomy metabox in WP by setting the “meta_box_cb” argument to false.
In the ACF taxonomy field you turn on both the “Load Terms” and the “Save Terms” options.
2) For all of the other fields you use conditional logic to determine if a field should be shown based on the taxonomy field.
This can be a little difficult using the ACF native conditional logic because you have to check if the term ID is > or < a given value.
Conditional logic can be extended if you want to be able to choose terms, this has been done but I don’t have any specific examples to point you to.
