What you are trying to do is beyond the scope and capability of the ACF shortcode. The reason, I assume by reading your problem, is to show values from a term that the post in a CPT is assigned to.
If you want to do this with shortcodes then you must built your own shortcode that can get the post term in your custom taxonomy that is assigned to the post and get the fields from that term.
https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/functions/add_shortcode/
