I can explain the issue you are having.
ACF saves values on the save_post hook. ACF’s acf/save_post hooks runs at a priority of 10. What this means is that your action
add_action('save_post', 'my_cpt_title_update', 10, 3);
is running before acf has saved the values. You might think that this is working in the admin but what should be happening is that you’re updating the title with the old value of the field and not the new value if it’s being changed.
It’s not working at all on the front end because there is not “old” value as it’s a new post. Your action is running before ACF has saved it.
You can try increasing the priority of your action to something >10, but I’m not sure that will work.
