What you want to do is very similar to this https://www.advancedcustomfields.com/resources/querying-relationship-fields/ except that you’d be using querying “catalog” based on the taxonomy field and using the term ID value instead of the post ID value.
$args = array(
'taxonomy' => 'catalog',
'meta_query' => array(
array(
'key' => 'producer'
'value' => '"'.$term_id.'"',
'compare' => 'LIKE'
)
)
);
get_terms($args);